Feeding Giant Breed Puppies for Dummies – The Protein Myth & More
The Giant Breed Nutrition Conundrum
We have been played, my big dog friends.
And today I will set the record straight.
If you are a new giant breed puppy owner, you likely have no idea what to do. What food to feed. How much to feed. Or why it matters. You educate yourself, do your best, and trust your gut. You are resourceful.
And, as I attempt to tell you what and how much food to feed, and why it matters. I hope you will take this information for what it is. Not as an Expert Guide to Feeding Giant Breed Puppies, but rather a Big Dog Mom’s perspective based on years of experience and research. A Feeding Giant Breed Puppies for Dummies, if you will.
With all of us and none of us being the Dummies of course.
I am sure to ruffle some feathers with this post, but if you are a regular reader, you know my goal is always to share what I am learning to serve you and your big dogs better.
[READ: Do You Own A Big Dog Or Want To? Big Dog Mom Can Help!]
One caveat before we dive in.
This post will explore only the aspects of nutrition during the growth period (birth – 12 months) that impact developmental orthopedic diseases (DOD). Outside the scope of this post is the very real and present effect that genetics have on a giant puppy’s risk for developing orthopedic issues. I will be exploring genetics in a future post.
Developmental Orthopedic Disease in Giant Breed Puppies
When compared to smaller breeds, two unique factors about the way they grow make giant breed puppies more prone to skeletal problems.
- They grow faster
- They remain puppies longer
A Mastiff can grow from just under a pound at birth to over well over 150 pounds in a year. That’s a whopping 150-fold increase in size in just 12 months!
This rapid growth means the bones must change quickly, a factor that can put them at risk of forming improperly.
According to Dr. Susan D. Lauten in Journal of Veterinary Clinics and Small Animal Practice
“All growing puppies can be harmed by diet imbalances and excessive food intake, but the term developmental orthopedic disease is used to describe those seen predominantly in large-breed dogs. This term refers to a group of diseases that occur during growth and development, including hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD), osteochondrosis (OC), osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), retained cartilaginous core, panosteitis, hip dysplasia (HD), and canine elbow dysplasia (CED)”
The following are a few definitions that will help as you read the rest of this post:
Panosteitis (Pano): Painful inflammation in the long bones of one or more legs. Also called “growing pains.” [READ: Panosteitis Cured Nutritionally: A Proven Panosteitis Home Remedy for Dogs]
Osteochondrosis (OC) and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD): Abnormal development of the cartilage on the end of a bone in a joint. OCD is an inflammatory condition that occurs when the diseased cartilage separates from the underlying bone.
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD): disease of the ends of the bones (metaphyses) of growing dogs that occurs between the ages of 2 and 8 months. Also known as canine or skeletal scurvy.
Canine Elbow dysplasia CED: Elbow joint developmental disorders that includes OCD of the elbow joint.
Hip dysplasia (HD): Disease of the hip joint that fails to develop properly, rubbing and grinding instead of sliding smoothly. This results in deterioration over time and an eventual loss of function of the joint itself.
Want to save these tips for later? Download your FREE Quick Start Guide to Feeding Giant Breed Puppies here.
MYTH #1: Smaller, More Frequent Meals Are Better for Giant Breed Puppies
While the research is not definitive on how to prevent gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV), or bloat, one of the recommendations is to avoid feeding large meals in one sitting (2), with a preference toward several small meals a day. So from the perspective to preventing bloat, more frequent meals makes sense.
However, extrapolating this to feeding giant breed puppies can Some will see this and assume then that free feeding, or feeding 3 meals a day for the first year of life (as recommended for most puppies) is preferred for giant breed puppies.
It is not.
Excess ENERGY:
Free feeding or feeding too many meals per day for too long leads to excess energy intake (i.e. total calories ingested) and can lead to overeating and obesity as well as ingestion of higher levels of calcium and phosphorus.
According to Dr. Susan Lauten in Veterinary Clinic Small Animal Practice journal,
“When fed free choice, Great Dane puppies aged 0 to 6 months had an increase in the incidence of DOD compared with littermates that were food restricted to 70% to 80% of the amount consumed by puppies fed free choice”
In addition, excess energy (calories) comes from not only how often you are feeding your giant breed puppy, but what you are feeding him. We will go more in-depth on this point in just a minute, but for now I want to address the issue of FAT because it is directly correlated with energy.
Excess FAT:
Consider that there are 4 calories per gram of protein and carbohydrates, but more than double that for fat (9 calories per gram).
Feeding a diet that is too calorically dense (high in fat) can make a giant breed puppy grow faster than his bones can accommodate resulting in skeletal abnormalities such as hip dysplasia, OCD, and elbow dysplasia.
“Several diseases, including osteoarthritis, are associated with excess energy intake, which has been shown to decrease the life expectancy of dogs by 1.8 years compared with dogs provided restricted energy intake.”
I get it. You want a big dog. Perhaps you met the sire and dam of your giant breed puppy and you just can’t wait until your puppy is as big and magnificent as his mom and dad.
Patience my big dog friend.
Your giant breed puppy will become the size he is meant to be based on his genetics, not by how much you feed him at 10 weeks old. What and how much you feed only affects how fast he grows.
Put it this way. The only control you have on your puppy’s future size is whether he makes it to adulthood. That’s it.
In a race of giant breed puppies, slow and steady will make it to the end and fat ones never win.
Big Dog Mom Recommends:
Keep your puppy trim (no ribs or rolls) and feed 3 meals a day only until your giant breed puppy is 4 months old, then switch to 2 meals per day. Never free feed a giant breed puppy.
The only control you have on your puppy’s future size is whether he makes it to adulthood. That’s it. In a race of giant breed puppies, slow and steady will make it to the end and fat ones never win.
Want to save these tips for later? Download your FREE Quick Start Guide to Feeding Giant Breed Puppies here.
MYTH #2: Giant Breed Puppies Should NEVER Be Fed Puppy Food
Ok, I am guilty as charged for believing this one. And I will be honest that I am not entirely convinced this one is 100% myth when it comes to feeding GIANT breed puppies.
Let me explain.
If we are referring to just kibble, fifteen years ago, commercial diets formulated for canine growth were marketed to all puppies with no distinction or formulation differences based on the puppy’s anticipated mature size. In other words, we didn’t have puppy food formulated for large breed puppies.
Regular commercial puppy food is formulated to be nutrient-dense and high-energy to encourage
maximal growth, which we know for our giants is a risk factor for growth disorders.
However, large-breed puppy foods are formulated now to restrict energy intake (lower fat) and provide
more defined calcium and phosphorus levels specifically for large breed puppies.
According to Dr. Lauten,
“feeding adult foods to large-breed puppies before 1 year of age is not recommended because the calcium-to-energy ratio is generally lower in adult foods compared with large-breed puppy food.”
She goes on to say,
“feeding an adult food can actually result in greater intake of calcium than feeding puppy foods. Because the puppy must consume a larger portion of adult food to meet energy needs for growth, total calcium intake may actually be higher than with a properly formulated large-breed puppy formula.”
Now, here’s the distinction I will make. There is a big difference between a Labrador retriever or German Shepherd and Mastiff or Great Dane. Pet food manufacturers lump all breeds over 50 pounds into the label of “large breed puppies.”
So here is where I land on all of this. Until there is a GIANT breed puppy formula, I do not recommend feeding giant breed puppies a large breed puppy formula for an entire year.
Because I am truly more in favor of a natural, species-appropriate diet as I will explain in a minute, I am comfortable making the following recommendation if you are going to feed your giant breed puppy a commercial kibble.
Big Dog Mom Recommends:
If feeding commercial kibble, choose a high-quality puppy food for large breed puppies (Energy density between 3.5 to 4.0 kcal/g, with a fat content less than 15%). Switch to adult formula at around 6-9 months old. Increase the fat content (slightly) of adult kibble until the puppy is a year old to balance out the calcium: energy ratio.
[READ: Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Dogs: What Every Dog Owner Must Know]
MYTH #3: Giant Breed Puppies Need Calcium Supplements for their Growing Bones
THIS one is a BIGGIE.
If you are a woman, I’m sure at some point in your life you have heard about the importance of getting enough calcium either through diet or supplementation. Calcium is necessary for strong bones.
For dogs, however, excessive levels of calcium cause OCD and other bone disorders earlier and with more severe consequences in giant puppies. And while not all studies agree, the majority show a strong link between high calcium levels in the diet and bone problems, even when the levels of calories and other nutrients are the same.
Giant breed puppies, unlike adult dogs, cannot adequately regulate how much dietary calcium they absorb from the intestinal tract, and therefore can absorb and retain too much calcium leading to skeletal malformations. As such, the optimal range for calcium intake is significantly narrower for giant breeds than for other breeds of dogs.
Calcium-to-Phosphorus Ratio
Calcium and phosphorus work together and a proper calcium to phosphorus ratio is important for healthy bones and joints. The calcium content of your giant breed puppy’s food should be approximately 1%, with phosphorus levels at approximately 0.8% (DMB), with an ideal calcium-to-phosphorus ratio of 1.2:1. Large breed pups eating balanced diets containing recommended amounts of calcium should not be given calcium supplements.
In addition, while more research is needed into how dietary levels of vitamin D3 may affect the development of developmental orthopedic disease in giant breed puppies, it is clear that it plays an important role.
Vitamin D compounds are influential in regulation of calcium homeostasis by up and downregulating dietary calcium absorption in the intestine and by regulating resorption of calcium in the kidney. (1)
Big Dog Mom Recommends:
Maintain the ideal ratio of calcium-to-phosphorus of 1.2:1. If feeding a home-cooked or raw diet, you may consider supplementing with Vitamin D. Never give a calcium supplement unless directed by your veterinarian. Raw diets should contain no or low amounts of poultry. (3)
MYTH #4: Never Feed Giant Breed Puppies High Protein
“Currently, no evidence exists to suggest that high-protein intake contributes to the development of orthopedic disease in growing large-breed puppies. Previous studies suggesting a risk for high protein and DOD were confounded by higher energy intake in high-protein foods. In general, large-breed puppy diets are formulated to contain approximately 30% protein (DMB) similar to other puppy foods.” (1)
BOOM!
There you have it. This one is probably one of the most widespread of all myths as it relates to feeding giant breed puppies.
Breeders, veterinarians, and millions of well-meaning big dog owners us, believe this myth. In fact, even during my recent discussions with Junior’s neurologist, the role of protein was mentioned in relation to his raw diet.
[READ: Wobbler Syndrome -The Most Painful Intersection Between Diet and Genetics and Wobbler Syndrome and Wobbler Syndrome – What Dog Owners Must Know About this Silent Killer]
The fact of the matter is this. Proteins are the basic building blocks of the body and contribute to healthy muscle development. Growing puppies need more protein than adult dogs.
However, somewhere along the line, the protein content of dry dog food plummeted to the new low of 18-22% for adults and large breed puppies.
Keep in mind, this amount is the MINIMUM legally permitted by American Association Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). NOT the optimum amount.
Because protein is expensive, certainly animal-sourced protein is, a few decades ago dry food companies started putting out there that protein was at fault for a number of “issues” and that carbohydrates, such as wheat and corn, (the least expensive foods on the planet) make a good filler and alternative to animal-sourced protein. Interestingly, wheat and corn now make up 50% of dry dog food.
Debbie Phillips-Donaldson, editor-in-chief of Petfood Industry, argues in this post that the trend toward dog foods with higher protein levels are “unsustainable.” From turning green grass yellow (oh the horror!), to pet obesity when “pet owners overfeed them” (duh), she asserts that more research is needed on how much protein is TOO much for our dogs. If this editorial wasn’t so disturbing, it would be hysterical.
It is clear to me why protein has been under attack by pet food manufacturers and why we are led to believe we should be feeding our dogs less and less of it.
Let me boil this down. Pet food manufacturers make more money when they use low-quality protein sources like peas and corn, versus animal sources like beef and lamb.
Conspiratorial? Perhaps. But quite honestly, I do not believe I am far off on this one.
So here’s the deal.
Whether you are feeding raw, cooked or commercial kibble, it is essential for your giant breed puppy to be fed protein. High-quality sources of protein.
Because no evidence exists to link high protein intake to skeletal disease in large breed dogs, I want you to focus on quality, not quantity.
Big Dog Mom Recommends:
Focus on quality not the quantity of protein. Natural raw sources of animal-based protein are preferred overcooked or baked. Avoid high carbohydrate, low quality non-animal sourced proteins such as peas and corn.
Because no evidence exists to link high protein intake to skeletal disease in large breed dogs, I want you to focus on quality, not quantity.
MYTH #5: Raw Diets are Dangerous for Giant Breed Puppies
Look, I get that a raw diet is not for everyone.
However, to suggest that raw diets are “dangerous” or “unhealthy” for giant breed puppies is just false.
Dangerous is the fact that “during the past 30 years there has been a 1,500 percent increase in the incidence of bloat, and this has coincided with the increased feeding of dry dog foods. (2)
[READ: Raw Dog Food: The Myths, Facts, and Future of Raw Feeding for Dogs and Raw Food: A Decision Every Big Dog Owner Should Weigh]
I am not here to convince you to feed your giant breed puppy a raw diet. But I would like to address a couple of things as it relates to the myth that raw diets are dangerous for giant breed puppies.
1. Raw diets ARE high in protein.
The raw diet itself AS FED is not high in protein. It is approximately 70-80% moisture and roughly 17-23% protein. If all the moisture were removed, it would be very high in protein on a “dry matter” basis.. But, as fed, it is not.
Is a raw diet too high in protein for dogs? The answer is no: a raw diet is high in protein, but it is bioavailable, highly digestible protein that is easy for dogs’ bodies to break down into amino acids.
2. Raw Diets are rich, so do not overfeed.
I use several methods to ensure my dogs are getting the right amount of food each day.
- Raw feeding apps: [READ: From Feeding to Travel: Top 7 Best Mobile Apps for Dog Owners]
- Observation of poop
- Observation of body condition
- Weekly fasting (not appropriate for giant breed puppies until they are older, 18 months or so)
3. Balance is CRITICAL from day 1 for giant breed puppies.
Some raw feeders recommend starting puppies on a diet of just chicken to start. And over several weeks to a month or more, slowly add in other proteins and eventually organ. This method may be fine for a Beagle, but it can lead to devastating consequences in a rapidly growing Mastiff or Great Dane puppy.
Giant breed puppies require a balanced raw diet from day 1. Balance is defined as the proper amounts of meat, bone, and organ from a variety of animal protein sources.
Big Dog Mom Recommends:
Balance from day 1. Balance is defined as proper amounts of meat, bone, and organ from a variety of animal protein sources. Limit poultry intake due to the high level of omega-6 fatty acids and high calcium-to-phosphorus ratio.
Top 5 Rules for Feeding Giant Breed Puppies
Grow SLOW and LEAN.Do NOT add calcium supplements unless directed by a veterinarian. Maintain ideal Calcium-to-Phosphorus ratio = 1.2:1 If feeding raw, balance from Day 1 is CRITICAL! If feeding kibble, choose puppy food for LARGE BREED puppies ONLY until 6-9 mos, then switch to ADULT
Want to save these tips for later? Download your FREE Quick Start Guide to Feeding Giant Breed Puppies here.
References & Resources
- Lauten SD. Nutritional risks to large-breed dogs: from weaning to the geriatric years. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2006 Nov;36(6):1345-59.
- Jerold S. Bell, DVM. Risk Factors for Canine Bloat. Tufts’ Canine and Feline Breeding and Genetics Conference, 2003.
- Calcium, Phosphorus, and the “Balanced Diet” Demystified. True Carnivores. 2017.
- Giant Expectations: Nutrition for the Large-Breed Puppy.
- Kane, Ed, PhD. Developmental orthopedic disease in large-breed puppies. DVM360 Magazine. 2013.
Thank you for this article! So helpful when trying to make decisions on what to feed a large breed dog. I have a female Saint Bernard who is 16 months old and weighs 105 pounds. When it comes to dry kibble; which do you think is better. Royal Canin giant breed OR Acana prairie poultry? Acana is higher in glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate and omegas and the first 4 ingredients are Fresh chicken meat (13%), chicken meal (12 %), turkey meal (11 %), red lentils. Royal Canin’s first 4 ingredients are Brewers rice, chicken by-product meal, corn, wheat gluten, corn gluten meal. It sounds to me like Acana is a healthier food, however, I can’t help but wonder if Royal Canin is the better choice as it’s specifically for a giant breed? What are your thoughts? Thank you!
5 1/2 yes ago we need our ENG/ Neo Mastiff with a Euro GD … they had 14 beautiful Mastidanes. 12 lived. Me in a wheelchair, hubby a “walker”, trained those 12 puppies to house trained, eating together without getting in each other’s bowl, voice, hands, wc sounds and each other until 3 months old, then sold them for only the cost of mommy care. vet and food to families with special needs. We feed our puppies a good protoen large breed puppy food thru 6 months, then low protein dog food thru 9 months, then 3 more months of the puppy and then finally back to the dog food. Our “baby boy” Rebel, just passed of heart disease but was always a slow as Christmas, medium active, always happy, bed sleeping boy (CA King bed) weighing in at 5 yrs old at 198 lbs … all muscle and head, lol. We will never have any other breed than the Giant. We also taught them that directly after eating you rest for about 30 minutes, then play or whatever. It is VERY important for people to understand that training starts at birth … after 5 to 6 months, they’ve developed their own mind and their size and stubbornness will overcome your ‘too late’ training. We still have Mom (Ellie Mae 135 lb 8 yo) & his sister (Miss Pearl 118 lb 5 1/2 yo) … healthy and going strong. Thank you for your site.
5 1/2 yes ago we bred our Eng/Neo Mastiff with a Euro GD … they had 14 beautiful Mastidanes. 12 lived. Me in a wheelchair, hubby a “walker”, trained those 12 puppies – house trained, eat together without getting in each other’s bowl, voice, hands, wc sounds and each other until 3 months old, then sold them for only the cost of mommy care, vet and food to families with special needs. We fed our puppies a good protein large breed puppy food thru 6 months, then low protein dog food thru 9 months, then 3 more months of the puppy and then finally back to the dog food. Our “baby boy” Rebel, just passed of heart disease but was always a slow as Christmas, medium active, always happy, bed sleeping boy (CA King bed) weighing in at 5 yrs old at 198 lbs … all muscle and head, lol. We will never have any other breed than the Giant. We also taught them that directly after eating you rest for about 30 minutes, then they could play or whatever. It is VERY important for people to understand that training starts at birth … after 5 to 6 months, they’ve developed their own mind and their size and stubbornness will overcome your ‘too late’ training. We still have Mom (Ellie Mae 135 lb 8 yo) & his sister (Miss Pearl 118 lb 5 1/2 yo) … healthy and going strong. Thank you for your site.
Why do you advise to feed low fat, high carbohydrate food to large breed puppies? A high calorie food can be fed in smaller amounts to meet the same calorie requirements. Fats & proteins are used in tissue growth & repair AND provide fuel. Carbohydrates are fuel only and they are not used by the body for tissue growth and repair. Furthermore the body can manufacture glucose from the protein in the diet, if glucose is needed.
I’ve read some raw models raise the bone portion to 17% in puppies rather than the usual 10%. Is this appropriate for large breeds, or is it recommended to stay at 10% with the 1:1 ratio of calcium to phosphorus? Thank you!